Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A complication of COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children is a previously unrecognized and potentially catastrophic illness that appears in children who have been exposed to or diagnosed with COVID-19. As healthcare agents and members of the community, nurses are positioned to assist in identifying children who may experience previously unrecognized complications of infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

CE: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Review.

ABSTRACT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the health of children worldwide. Although overall mortality from COVID-19 in children remains low, an associated multisystem inflammatory disorder has emerged. The disorder has been recognized and named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This comprehensive review describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, other potential diagnoses, and treatments relevant to MIS-C. The review also includes patient and family education and anticipatory guidance, and discusses nursing implications for nurses working in various roles and settings, including direct care, research, and public health.

Interpreting Laboratory Tests in Infection: Making Sense of Biomarkers in Sepsis and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome for Intensive Care Unit Patients.

Sepsis and severe sepsis are leading causes of death in the United States and the most common causes of death among critically ill patients in noncoronary intensive care units. Diagnosis of infection and sepsis is a subjective clinical judgment based on the criteria for systemic inflammatory reaction, which is highly sensitive, not specific, and often misleading in intensively treated patients. Biomarkers are emerging as adjuncts to traditional diagnostic measures. No biomarkers have sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely used in clinical practice, but they can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of infection versus inflammation.

Assessment and management of the septic patient: part 1.

Sepsis has gained increasing publicity in recent years, and is now a strong focus of clinical education and training following the launch of the 'Surviving Sepsis' campaign. The assessment and management of a septic patient are far from simple and requires a systematic approach in both identifying and managing the condition. This two-part series explores the assessment and management of a septic patient, with this article emphasising the need to identify the signs and symptoms of sepsis at the early stages if positive patient outcomes are to be realised. The ABCDE approach to patient assessment is explored in the context of sepsis, as this approach can ensure the nurse will identify sepsis as opposed to the basic method of only performing vital observations.

Knowledge and recognition of SIRS and sepsis among pediatric nurses.

BACKGROUND: A large amount of research demonstrates the importance of key interventions in reducing mortality rates of pediatric patients with sepsis (Dellinger et al., 2008). Assessment and recognition of declining status must occur for interventions to be initiated. Of health care practitioners, nurses typically spend the most time with patients, and they must be knowledgeable in recognizing the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis while also being aware of the importance of prompt intervention. The literature does not discuss pediatric nurses' knowledge of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis recognition. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of acute and critical care pediatric nurses of SIRS diagnostic criteria, sepsis guidelines, and the importance of SIRS recognition. METHODS: This cross-sectional, quantitative, correlational descriptive study included 242 acute and critical care pediatric nurses at a 490-bed urban pediatric hospital. Participants completed an original questionnaire with face and content validity regarding SIRS criteria, sepsis guidelines, priority interventions, and attitude toward the importance of SIRS recognition. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated a significant knowledge deficit among participants in several key areas of SIRS/sepsis recognition. The mean score was 60.8% ± 7.4%. Item analyses demonstrated nurses easily recognize septic shock but have difficulty recognizing patients in earlier stages of the sepsis continuum. Significant confusion was evident regarding the role of blood pressure and serum lactic acid levels in diagnosing sepsis. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that an educational intervention be created for acute and critical care pediatric nurses to aid them in recognizing sepsis in its earlier stages.

Pediatric sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome: progress and continued challenges.

Sepsis, septic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) remain clinical challenges in pediatric critical care. Understanding of the immune response has increased greatly over the past decade, which has certainly increased the understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of these conditions. The future promises more exciting discoveries as we understand cellular physiology, immunity, and host responses even better. This article reviews the current knowledge about sepsis and MODS in pediatric patients and discusses the best treatment modalities while highlighting the critical aspects of nursing care for this vulnerable population.

The role of nurses in the recognition and treatment of patients with sepsis in the emergency department: a prospective before-and-after intervention study.

BACKGROUND: In 2004, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC), a global initiative to reduce mortality from sepsis, was launched. Although the SSC supplies tools to measure and improve the quality of care for patients with sepsis, effective implementation remains troublesome and no recommendations concerning the role of nurses are given. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of a multifaceted implementation program including the introduction of a nurse-driven, care bundle based, sepsis protocol followed by training and performance feedback. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective before-and-after intervention study conducted in the emergency department (ED) of a university hospital in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients (≥16 years old) visiting the ED because of a known or suspected infection to whom two or more of the extended systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria apply. METHODS: We measured compliance with six bundled SSC recommendations for early recognition and treatment of patients with sepsis: measure serum lactate within 6h, obtain two blood cultures before starting antibiotics, take a chest radiograph, take urine for urinalysis and culture, start antibiotics within 3h, and hospitalize or discharge the patient within 3h. RESULTS: A total of 825 patients were included in the study. Compliance with the complete bundle significantly improved from 3.5% at baseline to 12.4% after our entire implementation program was put in place. The completion of four of six individual elements improved significantly, namely: measure serum lactate (improved from 23% to 80%), take a chest radiograph (from 67% to 83%), take urine for urinalysis and culture (from 49% to 67%), and start antibiotics within 3h (from 38% to 56%). The mean number of performed bundle elements improved significantly from 3.0 elements at baseline to 4.2 elements after intervention [1.2; 95% confidence interval=0.9-1.5]. CONCLUSIONS: Early recognition of sepsis in patients presenting to the ED and compliance with SSC recommendations significantly improved after the introduction of a predominantly nurse-driven, care bundle based, sepsis protocol followed by training and performance feedback.

Immunomodulation, part III: intravenous immunoglobulin.

Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy does not appear to be efficacious in the prevention of neonatal sepsis. The value of a 3-4 percent reduction in sepsis or any serious infection without a reduction in mortality must be weighed against the cost of the therapy. The efficacy of IVIG therapy in the treatment of neonatal sepsis remains uncertain. The results of the ongoing International Neonatal Immunotherapy Study should provide definitive answers regarding the effectiveness of this therapy. Long-term follow-up and cost (length of stay) are important components of this study. Ohlsson and Lacy recommend studies evaluating the effectiveness of IVIG preparations with high concentrations of antibodies to common unit- or geography-specific pathogens. The cost-effectiveness of the production and use of such products should be included in study designs. Part IV of this series will explore the use of the amino acid glutamine as an immunomodulating agent in neonates.

The role of the critical care nurse in the assessment and management of the patient with severe sepsis.

Sepsis with acute organ dysfunction is common, frequently fatal, and expensive. The critical care nurse is involved in the continuous bedside care of the critically ill patient; consequently, he or she has the opportunity to prevent sepsis through infection control practices and general nursing care, to identify patients at risk for the disease, to monitor these patients for the clinical signs of sepsis, and to detect developing organ dysfunction as a manifestation of severe sepsis. In addition, the nurse is responsible for monitoring the patient's response to organ support measures and specific antisepsis interventions. The role of the critical care nurse in the assessment and management of severe sepsis is significant and can greatly improve outcomes for the patient with this disease. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) is a promising new therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis. Nurses caring for patients with this disease need to understand the issues related to the administration of drotrecogin alfa (activated) and the monitoring of patients receiving this drug to promote optimal and appropriate use of this innovative therapy.